The Constitution (24th
Amendment) Act, 1971:
It
affirms the power of the Parliament to amend any part of the Constitution
including Fundamental Rights.
The Constitution (31st
Amendment) Act, 1973:
Increases
the elective strength of the Lok Sabha from 525 to 545. Under the Act, the
upper limit of representatives of the States goes up from 500 to 525 and that
of the Union Territories decreases from 25 to 20.
The Constitution (36th
Amendment) Act, 1975:
By this
Act, Sikkim became the 22nd State of the Indian Union. The Bill received the
Presidential assent on May 16, 1975 but the Act came into force from April 25.
1975, the day on which it was passed by the Rajya Sabha.
(The
Bill, before being given the Presidential assent, was rectified by the
Legislative Assemblies of 13 States. Under the Constitution, the amendment is
required to be rectified by the Legislatures of not less than half of the
States).
The Constitution (37th
Amendment) Act, 1975:
Was passed
by the parliament on April 26, 1975 to provide for a Legislative Assembly and 1
Council of Ministers to Arunachal Pradesh, the country's north-eastern most
nation Territory. (Arunachal Pradesh Assernbh ntis inaugurated on August 15,
1975)
Pr Constitution (38th
Amendment) Act, 1975:
It
received esidential assent on August 1, 1975. The Act makes the declaration of
emergency non-judiciable.
Constitution (39th
Amendment) Act, 1975:
The
Bill was passed 1979 on August 7 and received Presidential assent on August The
Act places beyond challenge in courts the election to
Parliament
of a person holding the office of Prime Minister or Speaker and the election of
President and Vice-President.
The Constitution (40th
Amendment) Act, 1976:
This
Amendment has three-fold objectives : 1. It places beyond challenge in courts
some major Central laws; 2. It gives similar protection to several State
enactments, mostly relating to land legislation, by including them in the Ninth
Schedule of the Constitution and 3. It provides that the limits of the
territorial waters and the maritime zones of India shall be specified from time
to time by laws made by Parliament.
The Constitution (42nd
Amendment) Act, 1976:
(also known as mini-constitution)
It
was enacted during the period of internal emergency ( by the lady dictator…).
It was passed by Parliament on November 11,
1976 and received Presidential assent on December 18, 1976.
--The
Amendment established beyond doubt the supremacy of Parliament over the
other wings of Government;
--gave
the Directive Principles precedence over the Fundamental Rights;
--
enumerated for the first time a set of ten Fundamental Duties.
--It
further imposed limits on the power and jurisdiction of the judiciary;
--raised
the term of the Lok Sabha and the Vidhan Sabha from five to six years;
--authorised
the use of Central armed forces in any State to deal with law and order
problems,
--made
the President bound by the advice of the Council of Ministers and
--envisaged
the establishment of administrative tribunals for service matters of Government
employees and
--also
other tribunals for economic offences.
The
Act also clearly laid down that no Constitutional Amendment could be questioned
in any court of law.
--It
gave effect to the Swaran
Singh recommendations.
The Constitution (43rd
Amendment) Act, 1978:
It
received the Presidential assent on April 13, 1978. This Act repealed some of
the provisions of the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act passed during the
Emergency. Enacted by Janata Government
It
restored civil liberties by deleting Article 3ID which gave powers to
Parliament to curtail Trade Union activity.
This
Act, which was rectified by more than half of the States, also restored
legislative powers to the States to make appropriate provision for
anti-national activities consistent with the Fundamental Rights.
Under
the Act, the judiciary was also restored to its rightful place. The Supreme
Court was given the power to invalidate State laws, a power taken away by the
42nd Amendment Act. The High Courts could also look into the question of
constitutional validity of Central laws thereby enabling persons living in
distant places to obtain Speedy Justice without having to come to the Supreme
Court.
The Constitution (45th
Amendment) Act, 1980:
Passed
by the Parliament in January 1980 seeks to extend reservation of seats for
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and the representation of the Anglo-
Indians in the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies for 10 years, i.e., upto
January 25, 1990.
The Constitution (46th
Amendment) Act, 1982:
Passed
in July 1982, enables the State Governments to plug loopholes and realize sales
tax dues and also to bring about some uniformity in iax rates in case of
certain items.
The Constitution (49th
Amendment) Act, 1984:
The
Amendment of 1984 has enabled the provisions of the Sixth Schedule to the
Constitution to be made applicable to the tribal areas of the State of Tripura.
This amendment is intended to give a constitutional security to the autonomous
District Council functioning in the State.
The Constitution (52nd
Amendment) Act, 1985:
The act
has made defection to another party, after elections illegal. Any member
defecting to another party after elections will be disqualified from being
member of Parliament or State Legislature.
-popularly
known as Anti Defection Law.
The Constitution (53rd
Amendment) Act, 1986:
It
confers Statehood on Mizoram and ensures against unnecessary interference by
the Central Government by the laws relative to spheres of social relationship
and community conduct applicable to Mizoram.
The Constitution (54th
Amendment) Act, 1986:
It
enhances the salaries of Judges of High Courts and Supreme Court of India. The
salary of Chief Justice of Supreme Court of India will be Rs. 10,000; Chief Justice
of High Courts Rs. 9,000/-. Judges of Supreme Court Rs. 9,000/- and Judges of
High Courts Rs. 8,000
The Constitution (55th
Amendment) Act, 1987:
It
grants Statehood to Arunachal Pradesh which consequently became the 24th State
of the Indian Union.
The Constitution (56th
Amendment) Act, 1987:
It
confers Statehood on Goa and forms a new Union Territory of Daman and Diu. Goa
thus became the 25th State of the Indian Republic.
The Constitution (57th
Amendment) Act, 1987:
It made
a special provision for the setting up of the new State of Goa. Consequently
Daman and Diu were separated from the former to form a Union Territory.
The Constituiion (58th
Amendment) Act, 1988:
It
provides for special arrangements with regard to reservation of seats for
Scheduled Tribes in the State of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram and
Meghalaya. By amending Article 322 the adjustment of seats has been frozen
until 2000 A.D.
The Constitution (59th
Amendment) Act, 1988:
It
empowered the Central Government to impose Emergency in Punjab when deemed
necessary. Under the amendment, President's rule can be extended upto three
years. Earlier maximum period was two years.
The Constitution (61st
Amendment) Act, 1989:
It
lowered the voting age from 21 to 18.
/*
Election Commission was made multi-member body to cope up the increase in
number of voters */
The Constitution (62nd
Amendment) Act, 1989:
It
provided for the extension by another 10 years of reservation of seats in the
Parliament and State Assemblies for the Scheduled Castes and Tribes and
reservation for Anglo Indian Community by nomination.
The Constitution (63rd
Amendment) Act, 1989:
It
repealed Amendment 59 which empowered the government to impose emergency in
Punjab.
The Constitution (64th
Amendment) Act, 1990:
It
extended the President's rule in Punjab by six months.
The Constitution (66th
Amendment) Act, 1990:
To
bring land reforms within the purview of 9th Schedule of the Constitution.
The Constitution (68th
Amendment) Act, 1991:
It
extended the President's rule in Punjab upto a total period of 5 years.
1987-1991
: - Punjab placed under president’s rule
The Constitution (69th
Amendment) Act, 1991:
Delhi
made National Capital Region. The Act also made provision for Legislative
assembly and a council of ministers for Delhi.
The Constitution (70th
Amendment) Act, 1992:
Before
this act was made Article 54 relating to the election of the President provided
for an electoral college consisting only of the elected members of Parliament
as well as the legislative assemblies of the States (not of Union Territories).
The
amendment provide for inclusion of members of legislature of Pondicherry and
Delhi.
The Constitution (71st
Amendment) Act, 1992:
The act
amends the 8th Schedule to the Constitution to include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali
Languages in the 8th Schedule of the Constitution.
The Constitution (72nd
Amendment) Act, 1992:
Article
332 amended to determine the number of reserved seats for STs in the State
Assembly of Tripura, until readjustment of seats made on the basis of census
2000.
The Constitution (73rd
Amendment) Act, 1993:
Part IX
relating to Panchayats inserted in the constitution to provide Gram Sabha,
constitution of panchayats at village and other levels, direct elections to all
seats, fixing the tenures, reservation for SC, ST and 33% seats for women etc.
The Constitution (74th
Amendment) Act, 1993:
A new
Part IX- A relating to Municipalities, i.e., Nagar Panchayats, Municipal
Councils and Municipal Corporations.
The Constitution (75th
Amendment) Act, 1994:
Article
332 (Part XIV-A) amended to give timely relief to the rent litigants by
setting-up State-level Rent Tribunals to reduce the tiers of appeals, and to
exclude jurisdiction of all courts except Supreme Court under Act 136.
The Constitution (76th
Amendment) Act, 1994:
This
Act aims at the reservation of seats in educational institutions and
reservation of appointments or posts in public services for Backward Classes,
SCs and STs. The Supreme Court, on 16th Nov., 1992 ruled that the total
reservation under Article 16(4) should not exceed 50%.
The Constitution (77th
Amendment) Act, 1995:(constitutional
validity in debate)
Article
16(4A) provides reservation in promotion for the SC and the ST.
--In
2006, the Supreme Court in the case of M. Nagraj v Union of India upheld the
constitutional validity of the amendment.
-- The Constitution (One Hundred Seventeenth
Amendment) Bill 2012[Passed by Rajya Sabha] ,
seeks to substitute Article 16(4A) of the Constitution of India.
--It provides that all the Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes notified in the Constitutional shall be deemed to
be backward.
Article 335 of the
Constitution states that the claims of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes have to be balanced with maintaining efficiency in administration
. The Bill states that provision of the amendment shall override the
provision of Article 335.
The Constitution (78th
Amendment) Act, 1995:
The
amendments to Acts placed in the 9th Schedule are immunized from legal
challenge, through a number of amending Acts along with a few principal Acts so
that its implementation becomes smooth.
The Constitution (79th
Amendment) Act, 1999:
Extended
the reservations for SC/ST in services as also nomination of 2 Anglo-Indians to
Lok Sabha up to 2010.
Major
amendments of this decade
The Constitution (80th
Amendment) Act, 2000:
Related
to the revenue sharing between the Centre and the States whereby States overall
share was increased to 29% as per the Tenth Finance Commission's
recommendations.
Provided
for – “Alternative scheme of devolution”
The Constitution (81st
Amendment) Act, 2000:
Related
to carrying forward backlog vacancies of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
It
provides that the unfilled vacancies of a year reserved for SC/ST kept for
being filled up in a year as per Article 16, shall be considered separately for
filling vacancies in the succeeding year and the previous list will not be
considered for filling the 50% quota of the respective year.
The Constitution (82nd
Amendment) Act, 2000:
Related
to relaxation in qualifying marks and reservation of posts in super specialty
courses in Medical and Engineering disciplines, etc. for Scheduled Castes/
Tribes etc. (Both 81st & 82nd amendments were made in supersession of
Supreme Court's judgments).
The Constitution (83rd
Amendment) Act, 2000:
Related
to the reservation of seats under Panchayati Raj in Arunachal Pradesh.
The Constitution (84th
Amendment) Act, 2000:
(NDA govt. – smaller states)
Related
to creating of new States of Jharkhand, Chhatisgarh and Uttaranchal.
The Constitution (85th
Amendment) Act, 2001:
Amended
Article 16(4A) to provide for consequential seniority in promotion by virtue of
rule of reservation for the Government
servants belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.
The Constitution (86th
Amendment) Act, 2002:
Provides
for (i) insertion of a new article 21A that the State shall provide free and
compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in
such manner as the state may, by law, determine.
The Constitution (87th
Amendment) Act, 2003:
This
Article provides that in Article 81 of the Constitution, in clause (3), in the
proviso, in clause (ii), for the figures "1991", the figures
"2001" shall be substituted.
The Constitution (88th
Amendment) Act, 2003: (Service
tax)
This
Article provides for the insertion of a new article 268A which states that
taxes on services shall be levied by the Government of India and such tax shall
be collected and appropriated by the government of India and the States in the
manner provided in clause (2).
The Constitution (89th
Amendment) Act, 2003:(Bifurcation of Nat. Commission for SC and ST)
This
Article provides for the amendment of Article 338 and insertion of a new
article 338A which provides that there shall be a National Commission for ST.
The Constitution (90
Amendments) Act, 2003:
This
Amendment provided that for elections to the Legislative Assembly of the State
of Assam, the representation of the Scheduled Tribes and non-Scheduled Tribes
in the constituencies included in the Bodoland Territorial Areas District, so
notified, and existing prior to the constitution of the Bodoland Territorial
Areas District, shall be maintained.
/*Imp. because of the recent (July 2012) riots
between indigenous Bodos and Muslims in Assam */
The Constitution (91st
Amendment) Act, 2003: (strengthens anti-defection law)
This
Article provides that the total number of Ministers, including the Prime
Minister, in the Council of Ministers shall not exceed fifteen per cent of the
total number members of the House of the people.
--Remunerative
political post (Office of profit ,,,,) defined and members who hold them are
disqualified.
The Constitution (92nd
Amendment) Act, 2003:
This
Article provides for the inclusion of four new language, viz. Bodo, Dogri,
Maithili and Santhali in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
--Number of constitutionally
recognized increased to 22.
The Constitution (93rd
Amendment) Act, 2005:
In this
Amendment, a provision has been inserted that the State (i.e. Parliament or
other legislatures) can make laws for the advancement of the SC, ST or the OBCs
of citizens in matters of admission to educational institutions, including
private unaided institutions.
The Constitution (94th
Amendment) Act, 2006:
This
article provides that in article 164 of the Constitution, in clause (1), in the
proviso, for the word "Bihar", the words "Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand" shall be substituted.
Freed
Bihar from having Tribal welfare minister and extended the provision to
Jharkhand , Chattisgarh,M.P and Orissa
The Constitution (95th
Amendment) Act, 2009:
This
article provides that in article 334 of the Constitution, for the words
"sixty years", the words "seventy years" shall be
substituted.
Art 334 :
Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after [sixty years]
from the commencement of this constitution (i.e 26 Jan 1950)
The Constitution (96th
Amendment) Act, 2011:
This
article provides that in 8th schedule of the Constitution, in entry 15, , for the word
, "Oriya", the word "Odia" shall be substituted.
The Constitution (97th
Amendment) Act, 2011:
This
article provides that
In Part III(Fundamental Rights) of the Constitution, in
article 19 , in clause (1),in sub-clause(c)
, after the words “ or unions “ , the
words “ or co-operative societies” shall be inserted.
In PartIV (Directive Principles of State Policy) of the Constitution after article 43A , the
following article shall be inserted,namely:-
“43B.
The State shall endeavor to promote voluntary formation, autonomous
functioning, democratic control and professional management of co-operative
societies”.
It further inserts a new part IX B in the
Constitution (adding Articles 243ZH through 243ZT), which outlines certain
guidelines for running co-operative societies.
The Constitution (98th
Amendment) Act, 2012:
This
article provides that
---it seeks
to insert Article 371J in the Constitution to empower the Governor of Karnataka
to take steps to develop the Hyderabad-Karnataka Region. As per the
Statements of Objects and Reasons of the Bill, this Region includes the
districts of Gulbarga, Bidar,
Raichur, Koppal, Yadgir and Bellary.
------A
resolution to make special provisions for the Hyderabad-Karnataka Region was
passed by the Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council of Karnataka in
March 2012. The resolution aims to establish an institutional mechanism
to develop the region and promote inclusive growth. It aims to reduce
inter-region and inter-district disparity in the State of Karnataka. This
Bill(which later became an act) was introduced in Parliament to give effect to
this resolution
---The
President may allow the Governor to take the following steps for development of
the region: (i) setting up a development board for the Region; (ii) ensure
equitable allocation of funds for development of the Region; and (iii) provide
for reservation in educational and vocational training institutions, and state
government positions in the Region for persons from the Region.
--- the
board is modelled on the Maharashtra model whereas the Karnataka Legislative
Assembly and Council had sought a Bill on the Andhra model, which accords
special status to districts in the erstwhile Nizam province
sir, is this enough are still any imp amendments to go through
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