Indian Urbanisation

History

According to Indus valley civilisation, their urbanisation  was well planned, structured colonies, Grid plan , water supply system , waste water management system were awesome.

We can compare only our new developed apartments, societies, flats, duplexes etc by Indus valley city plan.

For the census of india 2011 , the definition of urban area is as follows :

All places with a municipalty , corporation , cantonement board or notified area committe etc.

Other places criteria :

A minimum population of 5000 ; at least 75% of the male main working population engaged in non-agriculture persuits ; and a density of population of at least 400 persons per sq.km.

As we all know India is called country of villages, day by day we are converting our rural population into urban. According to population data 2011 total urban population is 31.16 %, comparing to our neighbours.

Pakistan has 36%, Bangladesh 30%, Nepal 20% of their total population.

Comparing with another asian gaint (CHINA).

Both are the fastest growing market for investors .

Both are urbanizing fastly,but china has shaped the process , while india is still struggling with process.in 1950 india was more urban nation than china , but from 1950 to 2005 china has 41 % growth rate and india has only 29 %.in india per capita GDP is projected to grow @ 6 % per year from 2005 to 2025 , while china will se 7.3 %.

For business the significant increases in per capita urban incomes and middle-income households offers the potential of vibrant new market to serve .

This increasing data of urbanisation in india is developing unplanned urbanisation , pressure on cities , pressure on administration , illegal encroachment of govt land , and many more problems.As the meaning of urbanisation the picture is totally opposite in India.

So why this is increasing so fast in india  .

      Industrialisation :

Demand of labours in industries increase the,migration of rural population so more urban population.

More demand of drinking water,electricity,health,education ,land for housing .

Lack of agriculturist in rural areas,this urban population became consumer from  producer of vegitables and crops.

           Education :  Rural people are migrating urban ares for their childrens better                      education,better

          environment  for their  psyclogical development.

Eleventh five year plan that aimed at urbanisation for the economic development of india .

Economic oppurtunities , infrastructure facilities , growth of private sector are also  some reasons .

Problems of urbanisation:

Rapid rise in urban population in india is leading to many problems like increasing slums , decrease in standard of living in urban areas ,transport ,  water supply and sanitation , water pollution and air pollution , inadequate provision for social infrastructure (school and hospital)als environmental damage.

Changing of land uses: the way population is increasing, demand of land for different -2 purpose increases, expansion of cities became cause of forest eradication, encroachment of agriculture land. it is a challenge , causes more consume of fossil fuel , more GHG result is high  temperature .

Solid waste management: truck load of solid waste are dumped besides roads, causes to many health problems lack of solid waste management plan is main hindrance of urbanisation. a study of world bank says Indian solid waste has about 55% carbonic waste , which can be converted into compost and another 15% is reusable.

Lack of sanitation: a big part of unplanned urban population doesn’t have toilets , open defection is a vital issue , which contempt land and also ground water .

Un empolyement : class 1 cities such as Calcutta , Mumbai , Chennai , delhi , etc have reached saturation level of employement  generating capacity . most of these cities using capital intensive technologies can not generate employment for these distress rural poor. So there is transfer of rural poverty to urban poverty .

Central and state government policies:

Land  usage: planning commission has formed a group in 2006 for transperency , contribution in environment and forest area.recommendation of that group is to enforce the NATIONAL LAND USAGE 

BOARD, development of plans for water and land conservation ,plan for ground water  usage for domestic , industrial ,urban usage.

Solid waste : different committees has recommended that 100% collection of solid waste and disposal of them far  from population . Development of  waste recycling plants , govt subsidy for these plants .

Sanitation : target of NATIONAL URBAN SANITATION POLICY

-          100% availability of public sanitation service,and management

-          No open defection and try to change the habits of people

-          Create awareness  about sanitation, hand washing habits

Institutes: establishment of sanitation institutions,courses on urban problems , environmental issues , think tank

India government  think that sanitation is subject of state for better implementation of public health and environmental services at ground level govt  should be more focus  on ground level institutions ,

Every states has different geographical and environmental issues , but there is a need of integrated urban development plan which fits on all states upto some extent .

 Result of unplanned urbanisation :  we should learn a strong lesson from uttrakhand calamity , that was also a unplanned urbanisation , encroachment of river  basin causes lakhs of people death .

In general urban planning must aim at :

a ) Balanced regional and urban planning

b ) development of strong economic base for urban economy

c ) integration of rural and urban economy emphasis on agro-based industry . raw material should be processed in rural economy and then transferred to urban economy .

urban planning and housing for slum people with human face.

Name:-Vishwajeet kumar singh